Is the Internet a Human Right - 3048 Words

Is The Internet a Human Right? A Review and Assessment of Human Rights and the Internet. It may seem blasà ©, or more probably naive, in this post dot-com-bust world to still hold out that â€Å"information is power† and, moreover, that the Internet is fundamentally different than any previous information technology. Perhaps I am guilty of such sentimentalities, but allow me at least for the sake of argument to hold on to a small hope that the Internet really is something new. It would then be true that information and indeed the Internet—the phenomenon as opposed to the Internet as an enabling tool towards other rights—should be a human right in and of itself. There is an unexplained inequality in commonly accepted formulations of human rights.†¦show more content†¦The UN has taken an initial step in this direction when it called for universal access to basic communication and information services. Noting that â€Å"knowledge, more than ever, is power,† the declaration â€Å"embraces the objective of establishing universal access to basic communication and information services for all† (UN Administrative Committee on Coordination, 1997). The 2003 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), convened by the UN Secretary General and organized by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), created another unique opportunity to advance a strong claim for the Internet as a human right. The intended outcome of the Summit, according to its website, is to â€Å"develop and foster a clear statement of political will and a concrete plan of action for achieving the goals of the Information Society, while fully reflecti ng all the different interests at stake.† The opening of the WSIS Declaration of Principles, coming out of the Geneva meeting, states a â€Å"commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society† premised on â€Å"respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights† (UN WSIS 2002). It goes on to reaffirm Article 19 of the Universal Declaration. But neither the WSIS Declaration, nor the general dialogue in Geneva, advanced the discussion beyond this simple reference to the Universal Declaration, thus missing the opportunity to bring the Information Society andShow MoreRelatedPrivilege Or A Necessity : The Internet896 Words   |  4 PagesPrivilege or a necessity: The Internet. Do you believe that the internet is a privilege or a necessity? How would you feel if the internet didn’t exist? Many believe that it should be either a human right or a civil right. Although these may sound the same or similar, there is a huge difference between them and also a different meaning between the two. According to HG.org Human rights is defined as ‘’ generally thought as fundamental rights. They include the right to life, education, free expressionRead MoreDefinition of Human Rights Across the Globe1601 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights is implicated as a worldwide significant right obtained by which an individual is genetically categorized as a human being. Thus, human rights are comprehended as a national and international right, claiming that each anthropomorphous being is considered an equal including equality for gender, race, and religion. 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The internet is a place where the freedom of speech is shown and show the creativity of people. Net neutrality has caught the interest in many people in the United States. With this hot topic debate, President Barack Obama s position on the subject is wanting a â€Å"free and open† internet for fair access to any website (Net Neutrality:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Article Why Mass Surveillance Violates International Law ``905 Words   |  4 PagesSimon’s â€Å"Why Mass Surveillance Violates International Law† Around the world, the issue of human rights is widely debated. Why people very interested issue of human rights? With the popularity of the broadband, the development of science and technology, the use of the network become a very common life. People can skillfully use the internet and like to comment in the network. So the issue of â€Å"whether or not internet user should use real name speech in the network.†, many countries has become the focusRead MoreSecurity And Stability Of Internet1469 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy related to security and stability of internet, exchange of information in the scientific community, affordability of the Internet in the developing world, disclose of emerging issues to the general public, use and misuse of the Internet among others. Internet Software Piracy Software is the programming language and the operative system that runs a computer and allows the user to execute actions such as send and receive information through pictures, music, videos, text messages, GPS coordinatesRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet Censorship In China1629 Words   |  7 Pages Internet censorship is the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. This can include blocking entire websites, blocking parts of certain websites, prohibiting certain search engine keywords, monitoring individual internet use, and punishing individuals for this use. On a smaller scale, companies censor access to certain websites to increase productivity in workers or decrease chances of a sexual harassment lawsuit. Parents may block certain website on

Alcoholism Is Not A Lifestyle Choice For Alcoholics

Alcoholism is not a lifestyle choice for alcoholics. It is a disease, like cancer, where intervention, treatment, and follow up are needed to recover. As with cancer, remission and a cure cannot be guaranteed. Alcohol causes a wide range of negative effects in the lives of alcoholics and those who know and love them. One drink of alcohol is considered 5 ounces of wine, 12 ounces of beer, or 1.5 ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits such as vodka or whiskey (Schmitt). â€Å"If you are a man under age 65, you may be at risk for abusing alcohol if you have more than 14 drinks per week, or more than 4 drinks per day† (Schmitt). Schmitt also states that â€Å"If you are older than 65, or you are a woman, you may be at risk for abusing alcohol if you have more than 7 drinks per week, or more than 3 drinks per day.† Alcoholism can have may causes. Alcoholism can develop as a way for people to cope with some mental disorders. Some of these disorders are bipolar disorder, major depression, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Dual Diagnosis). The alcohol prevents the affected person from having to think about their disorder for a while. Some people are also more susceptible to alcoholism. These people often have a family histor y of the disease. Alcoholism tends to affect women more than men (Oscar-Berman, Marinkovic). Alcoholism can affect a person from as early as the prenatal stage during pregnancy, through childhood, and intoShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism Is Not A Lifestyle Choice For Alcoholics1516 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism is a disease, like cancer. Alcoholism is not a lifestyle choice for alcoholics. It is a disease, like cancer, where intervention, treatment, and follow up are needed to recover. As with cancer, remission and a cure cannot be guaranteed. Alcohol causes a wide range of negative effects in the lives of alcoholics and those who know and love them. Insurance companies need to be aware of this disease and provide coverage and ongoing support for treatment. We need to find a way for those inRead MoreAn Alcoholic : Societal Views Vs. Reality1103 Words   |  5 PagesAn Alcoholic: Societal Views vs. Reality One of the oldest forms of social miscreant is the drunkard. When the term alcoholic is used visions of a feeble old man, in dirty clothing, unshaven, smelly and clutching a brown paper bag that houses his poison. He is pathetic, weak willed, he does not care for his loved ones or for himself. In recent times this term has broadened. Some would even be proud to be labeled an alcoholic. Societal ignorance is twofold when it comes to alcoholism, in order toRead MoreAlcoholism and Parenting: Samuel Adams961 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment that can lead to a dangerous lifestyle as an adult such as difficulty socializing, criminal activity, and a dependency on alcohol much like their parent. When a child lives in a household with a parent or authoritative figure who consumes alcohol to an excess, it is likely that they are to receive abuse. According to various studies, â€Å"up to 90% of child abuse cases involve at least one parent being an alcoholic† (Children Affected by Alcoholic Parents 1). With abuse comes many psychologicalRead MoreAlcoholism : Alcohol And Alcohol Addiction1362 Words   |  6 Pages Alcoholism is an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency. Alcoholism formerly called alcohol dependence or alcohol addiction, is the more severe end of the alcohol use disorder spectrum. It is a destructive pattern of alcohol use that includes tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, using more alcohol or using it for longer than planned, and trouble reducing its use or inability to use it in moderationRead MoreIs Alcoholism A Disease Or A Lifestyle Choice?1933 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the website, Patient Info, recently presented a discussion in whether alcoholism is a disease or a lifestyle choice. One blogger expressed her opinion about how alcoholism is genetic and that parents, about how it is genetic that anxiety and depression is inherited from parents leading, to becoming an addict. But the blogger by the name of andrew69055 stated, â€Å"People would do well to work more on res olving anxiety and depression rather than using alcohol disease as an excuse†¦People need hopeRead More Alcoholics Should NOT Be Eligible to Receive Organ Transplants1097 Words   |  5 Pagesmedical advances. However, by December, 2014, twenty-one people were dying each day while waiting for a transplant. (Benjamin Samstein, 2015) This brings us to a question, should an alcoholic who had previously been lucky enough to have a liver transplant, be allowed to get another liver transplant after he let his alcoholism ruin another liver? When someone is in need of a transplant, there are several factors that are looked at in deciding whether or not the patient will be placed on the transplantRead MoreDrunken Driving Accidents And The Biggest Party Of The Year1182 Words   |  5 Pageslying here dying and I wasn’t the one drinking and driving. ALCOHOLISM Drunken driving accidents are one of the leading causes of death of teens. Whether they are the driver or just in the car with someone. Alcoholism plays a big role in this. With it being a chronic and progressive disease there can be many different symptoms, causes, and risk factors and complications that can be associated with alcoholism. It can include difficulty regulating how much alcohol you drink. AlsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Abuse Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious cultures. Being the number one drug problem in the U.S with over 12 million people reportedly being alcoholics and of those 7 million being binge drinkers between the ages 12-20, it comes as no surprise that beneath its shiny and glamorous exterior, this drink comes with its set of problems (Alcohol Abuse Statistics.). In American society today many people think that being an alcoholic simply stems from laziness and the lack of will to â€Å"simply stop.† There is much more to this disorder thanRead MoreThe Effects Of Heavy Alcohol Consumption On Heart Disease1729 Words   |  7 Pagesobservations that favor the moderate drinkers to appear to have a lower risk of coronary heart disease. Factors that influence this biasness include the underrepresentation of alcoholics in the moderate drinker group, the possibility of abstainers forgoing alcohol consumption due to illness and medication, and differing life-style choices and socio-economic demographics. This review analyzes the results of studies that controlled for these factors. Since these controlled studies observed a similar relationshipRead MoreAlcoholism: Disease or Choice?1778 Words   |  8 PagesAlcoholism: Disease or Choice? Danielle M Ellis WVNCC Abstract Webster’s New World Dictionary defines alcoholism as a chronic condition which is mainly characterized by excessive and compulsive consumption of and dependence on alcohol as well as nutritional and mental disorders. This definition depicts alcoholism as a disease that is beyond one’s control. It has however been argued in some circles that alcoholism is a choice and the idea of alcoholism as a disease is a myth. Since it is an individual

English Litt Free Essays

If We Must Die which is written by Claude McKay and To Toussaint L’ouverture which is written by William Wordsworth. The form of If We Must Die is that it is a Shakespeare sonnet it is a fourteen line poem written in Iambic pentameter. The first twelve lines in If We Must Die rhymes and the rhyme scheme of it is ABABCDCDEFEFGG. We will write a custom essay sample on English Litt or any similar topic only for you Order Now While To Toussaint L’ouverture is an Italian sonnet it also has fourteen lines but a different rhyme scheme than Shakespeare’s sonnet it is ABBAABBA CDECDE. The tone of If we must die is rebellious because the writer is saying that the persons are tired of what is happening and they want change. And the tone of To Toussaint L’ouverture is depressing the writer is reminiscing of what happened and also giving his opinions on it. The mood of If We Must Die is aggressive it is aggressive because they are fighting for a cause and won’t stop not until they are heard. While in To Toussaint L’ouverture the mood is calm the writer is telling a story of what had happened and how it affected them personally and also society. The literary devices in If We Must Die is simile used in line 1 Claude is comparing something like death to hogs the writer is saying that the people do not want live like animals anymore so they are going to fight for their rights, another literary device is a rhetorical question is used in line 12 with â€Å"What though before us lies the open grave? This reminds the reader that death waits for all of us, so what have they really got to lose. In To Toussaint L’ouverture the literary devices are imagery because we are getting and insight to what happened in the poem and it is also symbolism because it symbolizes what happened and how it affect the persons in this poem. If We Must Die is about The Harlem Renaissance race riot this is where the blacks were against whites and where fighting for racial Inequality. And To Toussaint L’ouverture is about The Haitian Revolution and gives example of how closely To Toussaint L’ouverture actions and later imprisonment and how he died. These two poems are similar because they both deal with rebellion and inequality of people and how persons fought for what they wanted. How to cite English Litt, Papers

Aids 3 Essay Example For Students

Aids 3 Essay In 1918 the United States experienced one of the worst epidemics in its history. With 500,000 dead in a matter of 6 months, the Spanish influenza left its mark. With approximately 11.7 million dead worldwide, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is still leaving its mark. It is a pandemic the likes of which the world has always feared to see. The HIV virus comes in several varieties, yet they kill basically the same. Our understanding of this virus and how it works is essential to finding its cure, and to preventing its spread. Who it affects and the reasons for its spreading are also important to fight against it. And finally, what can be done to treat and prevent it is essential. According to the World Health Organization we began to see what AIDS truly was in the late 1970s to early 80s, mostly in men and women with multiple sex partners located in East and Central Africa, but also in bisexuals and homosexuals in specific urban areas of the Americas, Ausrtalasia and Western E urope. Aids was and is spread still through infected hypodermic needles which drug abusers are affected by, but also through transfusion of the blood and its components. And sadly, whenever a mother is infected, the unborn child will almost positively receive the virus before, during, or after the pregnancy. The viruses which cause AIDS, otherwise known as Human Immunodeficiecy Viruses(HIV) were first discovered in 1983 cooperatively by Dr. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute and Dr. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in France. Aids is caused mainly by the HIV-1 virus, while the HIV-2 virus is less pronounced among those infected. Scientists are puzzled as to why this dominant HIV-1 virus has 10 different genetic subtypes, some think that it is so the virus will survive no matter what. HIV is part of a group of viruses called retroviruses. This category basically describes how the virus transmits and reproduces itself. Which is to say that upon entering the body the virus attaches itself to a T-4 cell(T-Helper cell), which is the type of cell that marks the bad things in our body so that another cell, the B-lymphocyte, can activate the production of antibodies, which are what would normally kill the virus. So, after attaching itself to this cell it then injects its viral replicating DNA in, which then copies itself on to the cells DNA, thus changing the whole function of the cell from killing the foreign agents which enter our body, to producing more of the virus that will eventually lead to the death of our body, because the cell is then used as a manufacturing plant for the virus. The one cell that entered your body is thus turned into 500, which then turns into 25,000, then 12,500,000. The virus is not strong merely because it replicates, however, it is strong because of what it replicates on, which is the helping cell of your immune system. But the most bizarre thing of the whole virus is that it doesnt kill you. It only weakens your immune system so other viruses and even bacteria can finish the job. The first set of symptoms are called AIDS-related complex(ARC). These symptoms include fever, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. These are only signs that you might have the virus HIV, and are not the full-fledged symptoms of AIDS. The two most common infections seen in AIDS patients are Pneumocystiscarinii Pneumonia(PCP), which is a parasitic infection of the lungs, and Karposis Sarcoma(KS), which is a type of cancer. The purplish dots on the skin that are usually associated with AIDS are from KS. Other common infections are non-Hodgekins lymphoma, primary lymphoma of the brain, severe infections with yeast, zytomegalovirus, herpes, and parasites such as taxoplasma or cryptosporidia. Some neurological disorders are: chronic aseptic meningitis,focal deficits, hallucinations, and progressive dementia. So as one can see any way it can open you up to an infection, is a bad way. The full-blown AIDS patient is usually very fragile and weak, having to be placed in hospital care because they find it hard to breathe. The slightest breeze, sometimes sets their whole body into a shiver that might not go away

Trainspotting Essay Example

Trainspotting Essay Trainspotting is a fictionary film focusing on a young boy: Mark Renton and his friends who live in the depressed and grimy side of the big city Edinburgh. Like most of friends Mark does heroin to escape the stress and pain of the modern-day life, he also loves the rush that he gets from drug. Mark stands without a job and therefor has no other way of financing his expensive habit than to do shoplifting, robberies and mugging people on the street. At last he goes to rehab and goes to London where he finds a nice apartment, a legal source of income and just some peace in general.However his old friends offer him a very nice deal that gets him back in the world of drugs and crime. In the end he runs off with all the money that he and friends retrieve from the deal. 2) Settings: The film takes place in Edinburgh in the dark and gritty environment. The film doesnt directly tell what time it is set, and instead it hints its timeline through the music, clothes and football that they watch. There are throughout the film, some suggestions that it may actually be set in the early 1990s, such as the techno music and a scene on which the characters talk about Russian sailors.The film could be set from anywhere between the 80’s to 1993 where the novel was released. We will write a custom essay sample on Trainspotting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trainspotting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trainspotting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The places that the boys go to are dirty, poor and it’s definitely not in the upper-class that they live in. Also their apartment is messy, no beds and there is needles and crack pipes everywhere. Also the movie is filmed in low-key and the weather is cloudy and dark almost throughout the whole movie and that makes Edinburgh look like a sad/dirty place filled with criminals and drug abusers. 3) Characterizations: The main protagonist is Mark Renton; he is a young boy whose life is overtaken by heroin.He is unemployed and doesn’t study. He is a big fan of ’Iggy Pop and has posters of him in his room. We see that the addiction has been going on for a long time and he tries several times throughout the move to quit heroin but every time he comes back because he can’t live without the kick that drugs give him. ’ imagine the best orgasm you ever had and multiply it by a thousand and youre not even there He overdoses once but after his visit to the hospital, he is like a new character, he finds a job, his own apartment and lives well until his old friends comes to haun t him.Sick Boy is the intelligent James Bond wannabe smart guy. He is a pimp and is very active in the criminal world. It seems like he doesn’t care about other people than himself. An example would be his baby that died because he had taken so many drugs that he had forgotten to feed him. Begbie is the top dog of the group. He thinks that he is better than everybody and if someone messes with his views or angers him they will learn it the hard way that he is not one to mess with.He doesn’t do drugs like the other boys because he says that he doesn’t want to ’poison his body, but he doesn’t consider alcohol as poison. Sometimes you wonder why the boys stay friends with a psychopath like Begbie but maybe he wasn’t violent and antisocial when him and the boys first became friends. Spud is the dumbest out of the boys. He doesn’t know to behave for example he went to a job interview while he was high and when he was supposed to have sex w ith girlfriend he was too drunk to do anything.When he woke up in the morning he had realized that he shat in his girlfriend’s sheets. He accidently throws the feces on his girlfriend’s parents. He is also the only person that receives some money from Renton in the end. Tommy is a contrast to all the other boys. He is athletic, doesn’t do any drugs and loves to watch football. One day he decides to try drugs because Renton recommends it and that really messes him up and in the end he is the one that is most affected both physically and mentally by the drugs and he actually dies from aids.

Mistresses like Madame du Barry Essay Example

Mistresses like Madame du Barry Essay Example Mistresses like Madame du Barry Essay Mistresses like Madame du Barry Essay Mistresses like Madame du Barry lived lives of wealth, comfort and power. But their affluence and prominence did not come without a tragic price, as they attained these at the expense of so many impoverished citizens. The hedonistic existence of these women sickened their countrymen to the point that they finally rose up and demanded change for their resepctive countries and governments.It would be fair to say that mistresses can serve as the ultimate warning to any leader who will use his position to enrich himself and his associates.The people may tolerate corruption for a remarkably long time. But once they take power into their own hands, there is no government on earth that they cannot overthrow.French Revolution. 2007. MSN Encarta. 22 April 2008 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761557826/French_Revolution. html. Madame du Barry. 2008. Marie Antoinette. 22 April 2008 marie-antoinette. info/Madame_Du_Barry. html. Madame du Barry. 9 April 2008. Wikipedia. 22 April 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_du_Barry.

ISMG 3000 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ISMG 3000 - Assignment Example In this way, both parents and children will be in the cafe but separate lodges. With customer ethics, the client is not ethical. He seems to be rude in airing his grievances. He has not given the reasons why children should not be allowed into the cafe and does not provide any solution either. To encourage a communication that is open, I will make use of the business email. This method will enable me to respond to customers complaint without others seeing my response hence I will have an opportunity to handle all their grievances (Ammar, Sedigh-Ali and Ghafoor 40). An email will enable privacy. The above imply that e-commerce is an essential element that I need in my business. I will employ business to customer e -business model. The above entail transaction between a company and the customer on-line (Sri and Srinivasan 9). It will be used to sell cakes. Customer searching and marketing takes place on-line. After full ordering, shipment of the cakes to the clients destination will follow. The e -business strategy will facilitate quick and easy communication with the customers. It will also strengthen market capabilities and increase the operation hours of the enterprise (Sri and Srinivasan 10). The management will have access to broader information through research thus expediting customer service. The strategy will also reduce the location and availability restrictions thus reaching new markets. In a nutshell, it will keep the business relevant. It will also enable be to track various business metrics. The metrics that I will track in my business website include product comparison to see what is outside there. I will also monitor the users segments and customer satisfaction (Sri and Srinivasan 19). Additionally, shopping cart removes and sales funnel will be tracked. To partner with suppliers, I will employ the customer -business strategy. I will create a link of communication and payment system. The link will enable

Florida Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Florida Contract - Essay Example The handbook helps in minimizing conflict by ensuring employees are treated fairly. Therefore, the employee handbook acts as a binding contract for them. This is because it is written and not complying with what it stipulates can lead to the employer been sued. An employee has certain rights according to the handbook. Some of the rights include compensation to any employee in case of injuries acquired at the workplace. An employer would be liable to an employee in cases of sexual harassment. The laws ensure that employees are safe from discrimination, either because of sex, race, association or religion (Bush, p 42). Employers cannot discharge a female employee due to pregnancy because this is considered illegal, and the employer can be sued. Employers cannot also fire their employees because of their race, religious affiliation, age, sexual orientation, disability or nationality. It is also considered illegal for an employer to fire an employee for abiding in the set laws of the state. However, in Florida employees are ‘at will’. This means that they may be fired for any reason as long as it is not illegal. In conclusion, an employee cannot sue the employer if fired for any act that is considered illegal according to the defi nition of that term in Florida state laws (Bush, p

A New Strategy for Kodak Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A New Strategy for Kodak - Assignment Example The fall of Kodak began around the 1970s. The emergence of new (digital) imaging technologies and the entrance of more competitors in the photography sector saw the giant enterprise experience decreasing sales thus fewer profits and slow growth (Jones, 2011). This downfall led to the emergence of the debate as to whether Kodak could regain its position in the imaging industry, or whether it would diminish until it vanished at the start of the 21st century. The following study text discusses the implementable new strategies for Kodak which would not only revive its stance in the imaging industry but also help it advance its business model to match the new era and the demands of cloud services. In integrating the Kodak Company into the cloud service industry, thus striving to retain its dominance in the imaging sector, Kodak requires several objectives. The first objective is to align all its segments to match with digital imaging, which is the key determinant of business in the 21st century. This means that its licenses, products, and services should match the acceptable standards of digital imaging. The second objective would be training its employees and all involved partners in production to adapt to new technologies of production so as to match the demands of cloud services. The third objective is to come up with data and financial systems which are accurate and reliable since data and financial control are a necessity in cloud services. Fourth, Kodak should partner with an established cloud enterprise which can overly advertise the reformed Kodak in the cloud community. Finally, Kodak should acquire flexibility when it comes to cloud services in that it has to customi ze its services depending on some specific target market segments. In so doing, it is bound to attract more clients by satisfying needs specific to particular segments.

Impact of User Fees in Healthcare

Impact of User Fees in Healthcare Introduction An old proverb offers a world of insight when it says that â€Å"health is wealth†. Truly without health nothing in life is worth it be it a million dollar Ferrari or a state of the art beach house. Looking at the statistics, the overall health of the population across the globe is deteriorating and no amount of medical technology or innovation is able to mask the fact that people are really getting sicker and need treatment. Method of payment differs from one country to another and within countries as well. The developed nations support their citizens by subsidizing health care and making it free in some cases. The developing nations have government hospitals which offer treatments at subsidized rates. The health care burden that the developed nations are facing is colossal. In an attempt to reduce this burden, some suggestions of introducing a co-payment are being made in the developed nations. The rationale behind this suggestion is that people who are covered with insuranc e tend to over use medical services because they don’t have to pay anything out of pocket. However, critics argue that introduction or rise of existing co-payments will significantly erode the will to get treatment done and many individuals will end up not going to doctors for essential treatment. The proponents of co-payments assume that every individual is insured and able to afford co-payment. This is contrary to reality where many people are unable to pay for even the most basic necessary medical interventions. I support the latter. One of the primary reason behind my conclusion is that this would increase the burden on the bourgeois and the poor population for their health care and worsen their condition. Background on User fees in Healthcare Healthcare is generally price inelastic. People who have used these services pay the predetermined prices, at least for critical care, absolutely essential visits to the physician and prescribed medicines. â€Å"Moral hazard arises when an insured person chooses unnecessary/more expensive form of healthcare because she/he knows that the insurance company will be paying for it†(Banerjee, 2010). Developing countries like India and China have made their health care services such that the people get more of health care at a subsidized rate due to the fact that 29.5 % of the population in India lies below the poverty line (Kaul, 2013). The ultra-low-cost position of hospitals in countries like India may not seem surprising because the wages are significantly lower than those in the developed countries for instance the U.S. and U.K. However, the health care available in these hospitals is cheaper even when the wages are adjusted: For example, even if Indian neurological hospitals pay their doctors and staff salaries of U.S. level, their costs of open-heart surgery will still be one-fifth of those in the U.S(Vijay Govindarajan, 2013). Under such circumstances, if the government increases the rates of health care services, it would lead to under usage of these services because the people would have lesser access to hospitals due to the higher costs as compared to their salaries and savings. Not many people in such countries choose to insure themselves for health because of the perceived limited requirement of hospital services as compared to high payments to the health insurance companies. Rationale for introducing user fees The rationale behind keeping user fees could be that they could generate additional tax income for the health industry when financial help from outside sources were minimal, liability refunds were shooting up and the governments of medium income countries were feeling the pressure on their internal finances. There was also a philosophical shift in the functioning of the healthcare industry in the early 1990s during which, the system of out-of-pocket payments was introduced. In this, the patients were asked to pay for the services they get from the hospitals which in turn motivated the healthcare workers and increased their efficacy (Action). Quality can be improved with better finances and remuneration. And quality is a significant aspect of health care which cannot be compromised under any circumstances. In the later years, after implementation of totally free health care, it was realized that some patients actually â€Å"over used† medical services. Introduction of a user fe es greatly reduced this moral hazard. Secondly, bulk billing and abolition of user fees leads to an increased burden on the government financially. The rising cost of health care compels the government to introduce a system where the consumer is liable to pay some amount. Supporters of user fee also claim that universal health care is a myth and the citizens ultimately bear a much higher cost (than the user fee) for the so called â€Å"free medical treatment†. User fees compounded poverty User fees inconsistently damage the health of poor and middle class people. They tend to push families into debt and poverty thus compelling them to scrounge money through illegal means or from financiers, or to sell or hypothecate livestock or resources that they depend upon to earn a living. The charges can especially pressurise women who have fewer resources to rely on. Such circumstances tend to create a brutal condition where in there is a constant increase in poverty which leads to malnutrition and the ailments they live with. This results in poorer health which ultimately results in bigger issues each time there is a need to pay for healthcare emergencies. â€Å"The World Health Organisation estimates that 100 million people each year are forced into poverty by these sudden healthcare costs† (Action). When reporting to the hospital becomes excruciating because of high costs, people are more likely to take care at home. This increased load of care in addition to other household work usually puts burden on women and girls This may force them to entrust their education or jobs to take care of the ill (Action). Studies done by the World Health Repot Report of 2010 show that the affliction of non-communicable diseases is emerging and is already a major drawback even in the poorest countries and the people are unable to have access to the services they need to prevent or control these diseases due to financial incompetency or inability to access those services (Priyanka Saksena, 2011). Household burden due to specific non-communicable and chronic illnesses A number of studies demonstrated that the household burden led to financial crisis from specific illness and conditions like, diabetes in India for example, presented that 596 diabetic patients taken as sample group at a private and public hospital in Chennai showed that in the private hospital, the poorest sample of patients spent 24.5% of their income on services for diabetes, compared to 3.5% in the richest group. This was mainly demonstrated because of the increased out of pocket costs. On the other hand, in the public hospital, where middle class family income was much lesser than in the private hospital, the poorest group payed 3.3% of their income on diabetes care while the richest cluster almost 0% of their incomes on care. Another research that was done in 2006 on the total economic cost of illness for households was continuously above 10% of household income. As an illustration, total household charges of malaria per annum were as large as 18% of annual income in Kenya and 13% in Nigeria. Total expense for all forms of illness added up to 11.5% of monthly household income in Sri Lanka, and about 11% of average monthly income in Nigeria. Some of the researches are concerned that even 10% of household income being disbursed by health care expenditure as potentially disastrous where the medical expenditure levels are prone to drive households to cut their consumption of other basic needs, trigger productive asset sales or high levels of debt, and lead to impoverishment. It is clear that this is a somewhat subjective cut-off point and expenditure levels lower than this may be catastrophic for very poor families. Furthermore, it is not only the level but also the timing of health care expenses, which have to be paid in full at the time of illness in the case of out-of-pocket payments that determine whether or not there are catastrophic consequences for a household. This is related to the unexpected nature of most medical expenditure, the fact that the magnitude of payments is heavily influenced by the provider, and that this is precisely the time when income may be lower than usual(Diane McIntyrea, 2006). Current perspectives on User fees in health sector in medium and low income countries Equitable approaches to financing health services are crucial for achieving the goal of universal coverage of health services. When user fees are assigned to a particular service, they become an inequitable financing mechanism which produces barriers to access for a large number of people. Though in some of the Public Health Centres, revenue is provided by the government, it is almost always that it turns out to be inadequate and a persistent challenge in the developing countries(Rohan Sweeney, 2011). This thus leads to imposition of user charges which hinders the poor from using the available services. Another example of this is that under the Alma Ata declaration of ‘Health for all’, developing countries like Bangladesh tried to design country health care programs but had continuously failed to do so because of the problem of increased health care needs and decreased available resources. Hence, when user charges were imposed, there were serious interferences between the two most vulnerable groups which are the poor and the women and the maintenance of patient profile (Stanton B, 1989). There have been studies that show that when user fees were introduced, there was a substantial decrease in the use of health care facilities that ranged from 5% to 51% immediately after the intervention but a significant increase in the use of most curative services was seen that ranged from 30% to 50% when the policy was changed again (WP, 2014). Unfortunately, it is only the user fees that the researches and economists concentrate on to reduce moral hazard. Doctors are well equipped to judge whether a patient requires treatment or not. When such wide spread reliance is placed on doctors regarding treatment, why can’t the same doctors be trusted not to over treat a patient? It must be made mandatory for doctors and other health practitioners to take steps to prevent themselves from doing treatments that could be otherwise be tamed. How do the hospitals function with low prices of healthcare services? Three major practices have allowed the hospitals of low and medium income countries to cut costs while still improving their quality of care. A Hub-and-Spoke Design In order to reach the people in need of care in the rural and other remote areas, hospitals must create hubs in major the city areas and open smaller clinics in rural areas that transfer patients to the main hospital that has all the diagnostic facilities and other resources. This would reduce the need for duplicating the personnel and equipment in every village and the most expensive equipment and expertise in the hub, thus eventually reducing the cost burden on the village population. It would also create specialists at the hubs who, while performing greater numbers of focused procedures, develop the experience that will improve the overall quality. This can also lead to proper and frequent utilisation of machines. For example, an MRI machine if installed in every village separately, would do only 1-2 scans per day. But if a common machine is installed in the main hub, it would scan about 10-20 patients per day. Task Shifting The hospitals can transfer responsibility for routine tasks to lower-skilled workers like the newly graduated and less experienced doctors, leaving expert doctors to handle only the most complicated procedures. Again, such countries always face problems because of shortage of highly skilled doctors. Thus, hospitals have to maximize the duties they perform. Doctors at these hospitals tend to become incredibly productive as they can focus on only the critical parts of the surgical procedures and the final decision making during the diagnosis of diseased conditions. This allows them to perform 6-7 surgeries in a day rather than just 1-2 surgeries in other developed countries like the U.S. This innovation would ultimately reduce the costs. After shifting tasks from doctors to nurse practitioners and nurses, multiple number of hospitals can create a lower tier of paramedic employees with two years’ training after high school to perform the most routine medical jobs. In some hospitals, these workers can comprise more than half of the workforce. Good, Old-Fashioned Frugality â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention†- Hospitals of lower income countries should come up with wiser ways of sterilization techniques and safely reusing the surgical products that are otherwise discarded after a single use in other developed countries. These hospitals must concentrate less on building designing and making it attractive and spend more on the amenities that would be needed for the welfare of the general population using them. They have also developed local devices such as stents or intraocular lenses that cost one-tenth the price of imported devices. These hospitals can be innovative in rewarding doctors. In the program where fees are payed for every service, an incentive to perform unnecessary procedures and tests is created. Thus, the doctors at some hospitals must be paid fixed salaries, irrespective of the number of tests they order. Other hospitals can employ team-based compensation, which produces peer pressure to avoid unnecessary tests and procedures (Vijay Govindarajan, 2013) Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that the user charge has an abundance negative implications in the socio-economic, socio-cultural, political and administrative and management dimensions. Developing country administrators must eliminate fees for essential healthcare and choose a program of financing that will best improve access to health services for their most disregarded groups. This should be suitable to existing institutional structures, cultures and traditions, and to their economic progress. This could be through taxation with healthcare costs paid by the government. Putting an end to user fees is likely to see a rise in the use of services. Governments of developed countries should provide foreseeable aid, committed for the long term, to give developing countries the confidence to eliminate fees. The World Bank and other international institutions must stop prescribing user fees to countries as part of official or unofficial policy advice and provide more financial assistance to scrap fees. The low pay and poor conditions of health workers must be addressed to stop informal fees being tolled(Action). References Action, H. P. Key Facts: User Fees for Health Services. Retrieved from http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/health-systems/user-fees-for-health-services/key-facts-user-fees-for-health-services/ Banerjee, R. (2010). HEALTH INSURANCE AND MORALHAZARD. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/938630/Economics_Insurance_and_Moral_Hazard Diane McIntyrea, M. T., Gà ¶ran Dahlgrenb, Margaret Whiteheadb. (2006). What are the economic consequences for households of illness and of paying for health care in low- and middle-income country contexts? . Social Science Medicine, 62(4), 858-865. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605003631 Kaul, V. (2013). Required: A new poverty line that shows 67% of India is poor. Retrieved from http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/required-a-new-poverty-line-that-shows-67-of-india-is-poor-43862.html Priyanka Saksena, K. X., David B. Evans. (2011). Impact of out of pocket payments for the treatment of non-comuunicable deseases in developing countries: a literature review. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/dp_e_11_02-ncd_finburden.pdf Vijay Govindarajan, R. R. (2013). India’s Secret to Low-Cost Health Care. HBR Blog Network,Retrieved from http://blogs.hbr.org/2013/10/indias-secret-to-low-cost-health-care/

Food Shortages :: essays papers

Food Shortages One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all. Danielle Knight stated that â€Å"The true source of world hunger is not scarcity but policy; not inevitability but politics, the real culprits are economies that fail to offer everyone opportunities, and societies that place economic efficiency over compassion.† The author is trying to say that, basically, world hunger is mainly caused by us humans. The world is providing more than enough food for each and every one of us on earth according to the report - 'World Hunger: Twelve Myths'. The problem is that there are so many people living in the third world countries who do not have the money to pay for readily available food. Even if their country has excess food, they still go hungry because of poverty. Since people are mistaken by â€Å"scarcity is the real cause of this problem†, governments and institutions are starting to solve food shortage problems by increasing food production, while there really is an excess of food in some countries. Although the green revolu tion was a big success globally, hunger still exists in some countries. The author stated, â€Å"Large farms, free-markets, free trade, and more aid from industrialized countries, have all been falsely touted as the ‘cure’ to end hunger†. All of those are used to promote exports and food production, it doesn’t increase the poor’s ability to buy food he says. What the government really should do is to balance out the economy, and let more people earn more money to buy more foods. Sandra Postel, on the other hand, has a different opinion than Danielle’s. She proposed that â€Å"without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food-producing regions will not have enough water to sustain crop production†. Food Shortages :: essays papers Food Shortages One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all. Danielle Knight stated that â€Å"The true source of world hunger is not scarcity but policy; not inevitability but politics, the real culprits are economies that fail to offer everyone opportunities, and societies that place economic efficiency over compassion.† The author is trying to say that, basically, world hunger is mainly caused by us humans. The world is providing more than enough food for each and every one of us on earth according to the report - 'World Hunger: Twelve Myths'. The problem is that there are so many people living in the third world countries who do not have the money to pay for readily available food. Even if their country has excess food, they still go hungry because of poverty. Since people are mistaken by â€Å"scarcity is the real cause of this problem†, governments and institutions are starting to solve food shortage problems by increasing food production, while there really is an excess of food in some countries. Although the green revolu tion was a big success globally, hunger still exists in some countries. The author stated, â€Å"Large farms, free-markets, free trade, and more aid from industrialized countries, have all been falsely touted as the ‘cure’ to end hunger†. All of those are used to promote exports and food production, it doesn’t increase the poor’s ability to buy food he says. What the government really should do is to balance out the economy, and let more people earn more money to buy more foods. Sandra Postel, on the other hand, has a different opinion than Danielle’s. She proposed that â€Å"without increasing water productivity in irrigation, major food-producing regions will not have enough water to sustain crop production†.

Assessment for Learning techniques and the teaching of Science

The intent of this literature reappraisal is to research recent literature and research conducted into Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) techniques and associating straight to the instruction of Science as a topic within Primary Education. This literature reappraisal is preponderantly designed to turn to the undermentioned research inquiries: Which are the most normally used techniques of AfL in scientific discipline? How is constructivism linked to AfL in Science? Make other topics use different AfL techniques than are used in scientific discipline? How common is the usage of AfL in scientific discipline? What is the impact of the usage of AfL on students ‘ apprehension of scientific constructs? How does AfL impact on the application of scientific accomplishments at KS2? To research these inquiries, hunts were made utilizing ‘Athens ‘ , seeking the British Education Index ( BEI ) and The Educational Resources Information Center ( ERIC ) and Australian Education Index ( AEI ) research systems for articles and books associating to Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) , formative appraisal and scientific discipline instruction which had been published since 1990. Hand hunts were besides made through Primary Science Review, Science Education and School Science Review. Appraisal for Learning ( AfL ) has been defined as: â€Å" the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one's mind where scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place. † ( Assessment Reform Group, 2002 ) The application of scientific accomplishments at KS2 has been encapsulated by the Welsh Assembly Government in their new Welsh Curriculum paperss introduced in 2008 as: â€Å" Learners should be taught to associate their scientific accomplishments, cognition and apprehension to applications of scientific discipline in mundane life, including current issues. They should be taught to recognize that scientific thoughts can be evaluated by agencies of information gathered from observations and measurings. † ( Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, 2008 ) Research into AfL ( e.g. Black & A ; William, 1998 and Osborne & A ; Freyberg, 1985 ) has indicated that whilst it is apparent that all kids benefit, it is ‘not something added to learning, but is built-in to it ‘ ( Harlen, 2006b, p. 176 ) . In kernel, AfL can non be an add-on to the pedagogical procedure ; conversely it must be inherently encompassed within all instruction and acquisition patterns. Harrison and Black ( 2004 ) develop the political orientation behind Black and William ‘s work ( 1998 ) associating to AfL techniques and research straight to the topic of Science. Whilst preponderantly focussed towards secondary scientific discipline instruction, this work is still relevant to Primary Education. In this work, they develop the logical thinking behind the advantages of the usage of AfL within Science lessons. â€Å" Science provides the agencies by which scholars can interact with the universe around them and develop thoughts about the phenomena they experience. So, when they attempt activities such as shooting seeds, their surveies in scientific discipline equip them with ways to detect and oppugn what is go oning. Through experiments they can get down to work out and predict what might go on if conditions for the turning works alteration. To be able to larn scientific discipline in this manner, pupil demands help in developing procedure accomplishments to look into, and communicating accomplishments to inquiry and discuss findings. Formative appraisal fits good into this acquisition scenario, since its intent is for instructors to sift the rich informations that arise in schoolroom treatment and activity, so that professional opinions can be made about the following stairss in larning. † ( Black & A ; Harrison, 2004, p. 3 ) In her paper presented to the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Moody ( 2009 ) highlights the by and large accepted techniques of AfL used within the schoolroom, which many articles are by and large in understanding with, which are: Peer and self-assessment Sharing larning ends and success standards Effective inquiring and duologue Effective instructor feedback In add-on, the importance to an effectual schoolroom clime where kids are encouraged to portion their ideas and unconstrained by the rectification of incorrect replies and the feeling that being incorrect is a negative instead than the chance to portion initial thoughts, is indispensable. When researching methods into AfL and its debut into the primary schoolroom, history determines that the Plowden Report ( 1967 ) must be mentioned and discussed sing her research and determination that showed, harmonizing to Bell ( 2008 ) ‘in hindsight, astonishing vision ‘ when it indicated that a successful instruction should include: ‘child-centred ‘ approached to learning a subject based course of study find acquisition The nucleus rules and values that straight relate to modern AfL techniques and doctrines require that: kids ‘s positions are extremely valued and actively sought out that their acquisition engages them in a manner that they can actively associate them to other facets of their lives the acquisition of accomplishments across the course of study enables kids to be equipped to cover with a assortment of state of affairss instead than a individual capable subject. Critics of these ideals as Gillard ( 2004 ) describes are the ‘writers of the ‘Black Papers ‘ and their followings ‘ who ‘criticised much of what the primary schools were making and blamed the Plowden Report at least in portion for what they saw as unwanted tendencies ‘ during the 1970s and 1980s. Driver ( 1983 ) , nevertheless agrees with the underlying doctrine behind the Plowden study findings, saying that ‘It is, after all, the coherency as perceived by the student that affairs in larning. ‘ Driver was besides portion of the Children ‘s Learning in Science Project ( CLISP ) which researched the country that â€Å" it is every bit of import in learning and course of study development to see and understand kids ‘s ain thoughts as it is to give a clear presentation of the conventional scientific theories † ( Driver, 1983 ) In their article, Lindsay and Clark ( 2001 ) describe ways in which AfL schemes ( and specifically self- and peer-assessment ) can be used to develop a ‘constructivist schoolroom ‘ where kids take part in ‘creating and reflecting on their acquisition ‘ ( p. 15 ) . They besides identify advantages to these techniques specifically develop scientific accomplishments saying that ‘children go more scientific in their enquiriesaˆÂ ¦encourages kids to be invariably involved in the scientific procedure and their function within it ( p. 18 ) . Black and Harrison ( 2004 ) besides discuss the importance of treatment within the scientific discipline schoolroom where ‘students feel they can uncover current apprehension and be helped to further understanding ‘ and experience that this is ‘an indispensable ingredient to doing formative appraisal map in the schoolroom ‘ ( p. 9 ) . With respects to speak within the schoolroom, many authors have defined three different sorts: Triadic duologue ( three phases – normally teacher induction, pupil response and teacher rating ) , Authorative discourse ( teacher conveying information to the students ) and Synergistic or non-interactive talk. Chin ( 2006 ) suggests that the triadic duologue method is ‘often perceived to hold restrictive effects on student believing ‘ ( p. 1316 ) , that thoughts conveyed by the instructor utilizing authorative discourse tend to be ignored and that synergistic talk is described as duologue. By and large in understanding are Asoko and Scott ( 2006 ) who propose that ‘effective learning involves all these attacks ‘ ( p. 163 ) . Hodgson ( 2010 ) describes the sharing of success standards with the kids in a Primary schoolroom as a ‘key AfL scheme ‘ and is linked straight with feedback. Black and Harrison agree with this point in their sum-up of what they believe are the indispensable factors of effectual feedback: â€Å" should actuate the kid ‘to discourse his or her ideas with the instructor or a equal ‘ ( p. 12 ) in order to originate the self-development of the kid encourages instantaneous action ‘relates back to the success standards ‘ ( p. 13 ) Allows scholars to compare their ain thoughts of accomplishment against that of the instructor or equal Indicates to the kid ‘where to travel for aid and what they can make to better ‘ ( p. 13 ) † ( Black & A ; Harrison, 2004 ) Leakey ( 2001 ) carried out a survey where she reported on her ain experiences with experimenting with sharing larning aims and success standards with kids of a scope of ages and believes it to be a successful AfL scheme because it ‘gives kids ownership of their ain acquisition ‘ ( p. 68 ) . Leakey besides suggests that it is merely with the penetration of what it is that they are seeking to accomplish can kids are able to do connexions with any feedback that they later receive. Koegh and Naylor ( 1996 ) delivered a talk at Manchester Metropolitan University sharing their thoughts that: â€Å" Constructivist positions of larning in scientific discipline suggest that scholars can merely do sense of new state of affairss in footings of their bing apprehension. Prior cognition is used by scholars to construe observations ; significance is constructed by persons in a procedure of adding to or modifying their bing thoughts. † ( Keogh & A ; Naylor, 1996 ) and cited the plants of others who portion the same position ( Driver ( 1983 ) ; Osbourne & A ; Freyberg ( 1985 ) and Scott ( 1987 ) ) . The illations behind the constructivist theory associating to instruction are that the instructor is required to happen out kids ‘s thoughts ( evocation ) in order to take them into consideration when be aftering their instruction to supply instruction and acquisition experiences which will develop the kids ‘s thoughts and dispute their apprehension of a specific country. Within scientific discipline instruction, there has been a great trade of research into the benefits of utilizing constructivism as a method of AfL with many instructors appreciating the construct of constructivism within the scientific discipline schoolroom. Curriculum resources have been developed along with specific research including the ( Science Processes and Concept Exploration ( SPACE ) undertaking ( 1990-92 ) and as a consequence research by Nuffield Primary Science who have used this research to develop many pedagogical AIDSs and learning resources for instructors within the schoolroom. However, Bentley and Watts ( 1991 ) discussed their concerns that there is a differentiation between what they define as the ‘strong ‘ features of theoretical constructivism and the ability of instructors to use it to their instruction ensuing in a ‘weak ‘ version of constructivism that is delivered in the schoolroom. Leeds ( 1992 ) describes that although instructors find it easier to be after activities following an evocation session where scholars ‘ preconceived thoughts have been identified, the practicalities of orienting an inclusive instruction where all kids ‘s larning issues associating to a specific country is near impossible when faced with a category of 30 differing thoughts. In relation to the difference between the sum of research into the benefits of a constructivist attack to instruction and the teaching resources and pedagogical counsel available, Claxton ( 1986 ) described the ‘mountain of illustrations of kids ‘s alte rnate constructs ‘ ( p. 126 ) which were available at that clip and noted that the counsel for instructors on how to reconstitute the scholars ‘ thoughts was less outstanding in the literature. More recent research besides focuses more closely on the evocation of thoughts, but much less is written about methods and techniques which allow instructors to reconstitute these thoughts as a whole category exercising. The purpose of the SPACE undertaking was to: â€Å" ‘start where the kids are ‘ , constructing on the thoughts kids bring with them to lessons and assisting them to develop their apprehension of scientific constructs. † ( Nuffield Foundation ) Nuffield Primary Science developed a series of books covering the Science Curriculum, which included many misconceptions of kids in each country along with illustrations of construct sketchs and illustrations of activities that could be used in order to reconstitute the highlighted misconceptions and develop kids ‘s thought, in order to assistance instructors within the schoolroom to enable kids to prove out their ain thoughts through ‘practical hands-on activities and probes ‘ . These publications are now unluckily out of print ; nevertheless the studies associating to the SPACE undertaking continue to be available from the Nuffield web site ( Nuffield Primary Science ) . The usage of specific schemes such as construct sketchs ( Keogh & A ; Naylor, 2000 ) and mind function ( Stow, 1997 ) present researched methods of evocation within the scientific discipline schoolroom and offer an effectual manner of reasoning any undertaking where kids can revisit the original thought and discourse how and why they have developed throughout the survey period. However, instructors require the flexibleness and infinite within the course of study in order to efficaciously set these theories into pattern in order that the benefits can be maximised. AfL will merely be successful when both instructors and kids are committed to its procedure and where both use it as a method for developing current acquisition and development and spread outing their accomplishments and cognition base. This thought is supported by the followers: â€Å" Appraisal for larning merely works if students and instructors take action on larning demands. † ( Ward, Roden, Hewlett, & A ; Foreman, 2005 ) Black and William best summarise the usage of AfL within the schoolroom as follows: â€Å" There is a organic structure of steadfast grounds that formative appraisal is an indispensable characteristic of schoolroom work and that development of it can raise criterions. We know of no other manner of raising criterions for which such a strong Prima facie instance can be made on the footing of grounds of such big larning additions. † ( Black & A ; William, 1998 )

The Strategy for Food Waste in Hk

Catalogue 1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1. 1 The definition of food waste †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1. 2 The sources/generators of food waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 1. 2. 1 The sources of food waste in Hong Kong †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2. 2 The sources of food waste in oversea countries/regions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 1. 3 The situation in Hong Kong and oversea countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 3. 1 The situation in Hong Kong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 3. 2 Food waste situation in oversea countries and regions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 0 2 Finding †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2. 1 Case study of HK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 2. 1. 1 Minimization approaches for food waste in Hong Kong †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 2. 1. 2 Reuse/recycling approached of food waste in Hong Kon g †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 2. 1. 3 Case of minimization and recycling of food waste in schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 24 2. 1. 4 Conclusion of strategies in HK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 2. 2 Minimization and strategies in oversea countries †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 2. 2. 1 New Zealand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 2. 2. Korea †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 2. 2. 3 Taiwan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 2. 2. 4 Case of The East Bay Municipal Utility District†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 3 Critical Comparison†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 3. 1 Comparisons †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 37 3. 1. 1 Recycle/Reuse efficiency †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 37 3. 1. 2 Different campaigns and laws i n approaches to food wastes in different countries †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 39 3. 1. 3 Technologies applied in food waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 41 3. 1. Barriers in food waste recycle/reuse in Hong Kong†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 45 3. 2 Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 4 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 50 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1 Introduction 1. 1 The definition of food waste According to the project of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2012), global food production will increase 70% by 2050 on the purpose of meeting the demands of the growing world population under current production and consumption. However, there are more than one third of the food produced today being wasted or lost. Food wasted or food loss may cause a range of issues not only on the environment but also on society and economy.Therefore, both developed countries and developing countries dedicate to avoid and reduce food waste. In general, food waste or food loss refers to the food that is discarded or lost uneaten. It occurs on all steps in the food chain (Figure 1). In developed countries, most food waste occurs at the consumption stage, while in developing or low-income countries, food is wasted during production. Different countries or regions have their own definitions of food waste, relating to food waste sources, the situation of countries, their population and so on. 1 Fig. 1. The steps where food waste occurs (Heta-Kaisa Koivupuro, 2011) ? United Nations Food waste is food loss which occurs at the retail and final consumption stages because of the behavior of throwing away of food by the retailers and consumers ( Gustavsson, J. , 2010). The loss includes biomass which is originally meant for human consumption but eventual ly used for some other purpose, such as fuel or animal feed. Meanwhile, food waste in United Nations only consists of reduction in edible food mass during the production, postharvest and processing stages instead of the inedible parts. Hong Kong The definition of food waste in Hong Kong still can not be unified, but food waste can be divided into two kinds at least. They are uncooked food and excess cooked food. The first kind of food waste may be easily dealt with compared with the second kind, because it usually includes the excess raw food such as fruit peel, kernel and eggshell, while the excess cooked food may mix up with oil, tissue and toothpick which affect the treatment methods for food waste. ? Australia 2In Australia, food waste means an unwanted raw or cooked food discarded during or after food preparation that is no longer fit for consumption or desirable (Nathalie Jean-Baptiste, 2009). It includes spoiled cooked food, excess cooked food, vegetables and fruits peelings, beverage, undesirable raw food and meat scraps. ? European Union In European Union, food waste is defined as any food substance, raw or cooked, which is discarded, or intended or required to be discarded. ? United States In United States, the food waste is defined by the United States Environmental Prottection Agency.The definition is uneaten food and food preparation wastes from residences and commercial establishments such as grocery stores, restaurants, and produce stands, institutional cafeterias and kitchens, and industrial sources like employee lunchrooms ( United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). Although the definitions of food waste vary in different countries and regions, the adverse impacts that food waste caused are so serious that more attention should be paid and mo re actions should be taken to avoid and treat it. . 2 The sources/generators of food waste Developed and developing countries actually waste about the same amount of food (670 and 630 million tonnes, respectively). The difference is at what level in the food supply chain the waste occurs. In developed countries, the highest volume of waste is at the retail and consumer level; in developing countries it occurs mostly at the post-harvest and processing level due to limitations in transit, storage and processing.Therefore, HK, as one of the most developed areas in the world, its food waste mainly comes from the retail and final consumption stages. 3 In order to reduce or avoid food waste effectively, the best way is to learn about the sources or generators of food waste. Because if we try best to avoid food waste or food loss from its sources, the other processes for reducing waste or loss during the following stages can be avoided, so that we can save money and resources. The sources of food waste of different countries and regions are illustrated below. . 2. 1 The sources of food waste in Hong Kong The sources of food wase in Hong Kong can be divided into two parts, major source and other sources. Table 1 shows the different sources and their components and characteristics. The major source is domestic or residential. According to the statistic of Friends of The Earth, domestic food waste accounts for 70% of all food waste produced in Hong Kong, with an amount of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). The reasons for domestic food waste are various.For example, food is cheap or some people may hold the idea that when inviting others to dinner, they have to order more than enough so that they would not lose face. Table 1. 1 Sources of food waste in HK Amount of waste Source Major Components Characteristic (tons/day) Spoiled cooked food Supermarkets and Beverage stores Undes irable raw food Spoiled cooked food Excess cooked food Including avoidable and Residential/Domestic Vegetables & fruits peelings unavoidable Beverage Undes irable raw food 4 Most are Avoidable 90 2,300Meat scraps Excess cooked food Vegetables & fruits peelings Restaura nts and Beverage hotels Undes irable raw food Meat scraps Vegetables & fruits peelings Beverage Food industry Undes irable raw food Meat scraps Excess cooked food Beverage Schools Vegetables & fruits peelings Meat scraps Avoidable are edible or edible before spoilage/damage) Unavoidable are inedible food material like vegetable peels, bones, etc. unavoidable Including avoidable and 41 unavoidable Including avoidable and 900 unavoidable Including avoidable and 964 The major source is domestic or residential.According to the statistic of Friends of The Earth, domestic food waste accounts for 70% of all food waste produced in Hong Kong, with an amount of 2,300 tonnes per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). The reasons for domestic food waste are various. For example, food is cheap or some people may hold the idea that when inviting others to dinner, they have to order more than enough so that they would not lose face. The other sources are supermarkets and stores, food industry and schoo ls. The food industry consists of food chains, Chinese restaurants, hotels, bakeries, supermarkets, markets, food producers and so on.The industry produces 900 tonnes of food waste per day (Friends of The Earth, 2009). And schools generate 15,000 tonnes of food waste per year. Meanwhile, food waste in Hong Kong can be separated into two kinds at source, they are 5 non-recyclable kind which includes glasses, tinfoil, cling film, carton boxes, plastic bottles, aluminum cans and tin cans, and recyclable kind, including meat, bones, bread, rice and noodles, vegetable, fruit and egg shells (Figure 2). Fig. 1. 2 Separation of food waste at source (EPD, 2011) 1. 2. 2 The sources of food waste in oversea countries/regionsIn Australia, the food waste mainly comes from household or residential with an amount of about 3 million tonnes per year. Approximately 20% of food will b e thrown away after its purchase in Australia In European Union, food waste are from households, supermarkets, restaur ants and the food supply chain. Over 50% of edible and healthy food in EU is wasted each year and the amount is 89 million tonnes per year. 6 Fig. 1. 3 Sources of food waste fir cereals, by region (Agree, 2011) Unlike the developed countries, food waste in developing countries is generated at lower levels.Figure 3 further identified the source level of food waste. From it, we can see that in the developed countries like Europe and North America, about 60% of the food waste in cereal grain products occurs at consumption stage. Conversely, in the developing regions, like South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, more than 60% of food waste 1. 3 The situation in Hong Kong and oversea countries 1. 3. 1 The situation in Hong Kong According to the statistic of EPD, in Hong Kong, about 3,584 tonnes food waste are produced everyday, accounting for a third of all solid waste in Hong Kong.One third of them originates from 7 commercial and industry (C&I) sector, and the remaining comes from household s. So households produce larger amount of food waste in Hong Kong. The volume of food waste from C&I sectors has increases more than double in the last decade, from 400 tonnes in 2002 to 1,056 tonnes in 2011 (Figure 4). Also, we can see from Fig. 2 that supermarket dispose 29 tonnes edible food everyday. Fig. 1. 4 Basic food waste situation in HK (EPD, 2012) Figure 5 futher illustrates a serious issue in Hong Kong.About 3,200 tonnes of food are sent to landfill every day, which equals to the capacity of 126 double buses, and the cost for deal with food waste is more than 2 million per day. What‘s more, if the rate continues to increase, the landfills in Hong Kong could reach capacity in 2013. Therefore, the situation of food waste in Hong Kong is not satisfied and the loads of Hong Kong‘s landfill are too heavy. Every person in Hong Kong should realize this sever situation and try best to minimize food waste in daily life. 8 Fig. 1. The situation of food waste in Hong Ko ng (Hong Kong Stories, 2011) General trend of food waste in Hong Kong is illustrated in Figure 6. In Figure 6, Line 1 represented commercial and industrial food waste, Line 2 represented domestic food waste and Line 3 represented municipal solid waste. From the figure below, we can conclude that in Hong Kong, the volume of domestic food waste has been reduced in the past 10 years, while the commercial and industrial food waste has kept going up significantly and accounted for 30% of municipal solid waste in 2009, which is 20% more than that in 1999.The rising rate is really a serious problem and more attention should be paid in order to reduce food waste and the stress of landfill. 1 2 3 Fig. 1. 6 Volume of municipal solid waste in Hong Kong (FoE, 2010) 9 The reasons why the amount of food waste is pretty large and why it becomes a severe issue are listed below: ? Many diners have more food on the plate than they can eat. According to Greeners Action‘s survey: only 13 percent of responders can finish everything in their plates and about 87 percent of them always left some food behind, 44 percent of these respondents say that they often left over 30 percent or more.Especially, at buffets and all- you-can-eat sushi or hot pot restaurants, patrons can be tempted to pile too much on their plates. ? Disposing is cheaper than using or re- using. For example, the unsold vegetable and fruit will be dumped everyday even some of them are still fresh in the next day, because the labour cost of picking is higher than the benefit of selling. 1. 3. 2 Food waste situation in oversea countries and regions ? Global Fig. 1. 7 Global food waste (PWC, 2012) 10In Global, just like the percentage of food waste in Hong Kong, one third of the food is wasted or discarded. Food waste in industrialized countries is as high as in developing countries, but in developing countries more than 40% of the food losses occur at post harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized co untries, more than 40% of the food losses occur at retail and consumer levels.. Figure 8 shows that the per capita food loss in Europe and North-America is 280-300 kg/year.In sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia it is 120-170 kg/year. The total per capita production of edible parts of food for human consumption is, in Europe and North-America, about 900 kg/year and, in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia, 460 kg/year (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011). Fig. 1. 8 Food waste in different regions (Jenny Gustavsson, 2011) ? Korea Korea has a very short history (less than 10 years) for food waste recycling by its own way. In Korea, the percentage of food waste which is separately collected is over 80%.Although the treatment techniques are advanced and over 80% of collected food waste is carrying to feedstuff and compost, the demand of the products is low in the whole society and the product situation is difficult. Nowadays , Korea has reconsidered its recycling system to construct a new and sustainable structure. ? Taiwan 11 The food waste recycling technology in Taiwan is also relatively mature with an eight-year history. Now Taiwan recycles an amount of food waste equivalent to the volume of waste processed daily in two 900-tonne incineration plants.The food waste which accounts for 75% of total food waste collected is converted into pig feed and 24% food waste is composted. The rest 1% is treated for other uses. ? U. S. In the U. S. , more than 34 million tonnes of food waste was generated in 2010 (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Food makes up the largest percentage of waste going into municipal landfills and combusted for energy recovery in the U. S. (Fig. 9). Fig. 1. 9 Food waste in the U. S. (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) ? AustraliaIn Australia, the amount of food waste discarded per year is about 3 million tonnes and 95% of compostable items are food waste (Australia Institute, 2005). The food waste production increased by 0. 5kg/w in 2007 compared to that in 2004 (3. 7kg/w). Sydney, the city with the larest population in 12 Australia, generates a high content of food waste in their general bins with close to 50%. Another study is found to analyze the cost of food waste in Australia. Australia wastes more than $5. 2 billion in food a year (Penny Pryor, 2011).This is quite a lot of money and it suggests that the situation of food waste in Australia is also serious. The study concludes that t he biggest and most successful motivator to reducing food waste in Australia is saving money. Fig. 1. 10 Cost of food waste in Australia (Penny Pryor, 2011) ? Europe Excluding agricultural food waste and fish discards, about 90 million tonnes of food is wasted annually or 180 kg per capita per year in Europe. It has been projected that if no action is taken, the amount of food waste in Europe will reach 126 milling tonnes by 2020. 2 Finding 2. 1 Case study of HK 13 2. 1. Minimization approaches for food waste in Ho ng Kong There are many approaches are proposed for the minimization of Food waste in Hong Kong. But most of them are proposed by voluntary organization. And a general guideline for reduction and management of food waste for food service institutions are proposed by Greener Action: Fig 2. 1 The guideline for food waste reduction and management from Greener Action And other approaches or organizations for reduction of food waste include: Food Bank Feeding Hong Kong is the only food bank in Hong Kong dedicated to redistributing surplus food to people in need.By providing a bridge between the food industry and the hungry of Hong Kong, they provide a solution that simultaneously cuts food waste and feeds those most in need. Fig 2. 2 The mission of Feeding Hong Kong from the website of Feed Hong Kong 14 Food Angel Besides, Food Angel is a food rescue and assistant program which help to reduce the generation of food waste in Hong Kong. They connect food producers and charitable organizatio ns in local communities to ensure efficient food provision to the underprivileged. Food Recycling Sche me Food Recycling Scheme is a pilot food collection program operated by CTU Education Foundation Ltd.The scheme is aim to collect and process unsold fresh food from market and make delicious vegetarian lunch which offers to unemployed trainees in training centre at lower price. It can save over 30,000 kg of wasted food yearly. Foodlink Foundation Limited is a registered non-profit organization which is aim to fight hunger and poverty by minimizing food wastage. The organization collects surplus and donated food from various hotels and F&B outlets and delivers it to shelters and to the needy, thereby generating a sustainable food-recycling system. The Foodlink operation is as follows: Fig 2. 3 The Foodlink operation from FoodlinkThe voluntary organizations also launched several activities to enhance public awareness of reduction of food waste, like the ? Save Food Day on Wednesday? proposed by Greeners Action and ? Order Less Waste Less? proposed by Friends of the Earth. 15 Fig 2. 4 The poster of Save Food Day on Wednesday from Save Greeners Action Fig 2. 5 The photo from the website of Friends of the Earth Implementation: These actions are helpful to reduce the generation of food waste, but there is no certain figure of the reduction amount of food waste by these actions, and without the help of government, the achievement is limited. 16 2. . 2 Reuse/recycling approached of food waste in Hong Kong Kowloon Bay Pilot Composting Plant To gather experience and information on collection of source separated food waste and the application of biological technology to recycle food waste in Hong Kong, the Environmental Protection Department developed the Pilot Composting Plant (KBPCP) at the Kowloon Bay Waste Recycling Centre (KBWRC) in mid-2008. Implementation: The total treatment capacity of the KBPCP is 500 tonnes of food waste feedstock per year and about 100 tonne s of compost product will be produced. Fig 2. 6 Treatment Process of KBPCP from website of EPDFood Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme EPD launched the ? ‘Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme‘‘ together with commercial & industrial (C&I) sectors in 2009 to promote good food waste management practice and to gain experience on food waste source separation and recycling. Implementation: During the operation of the ? Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme‘, 17 participants practised food waste source separation and placed the separated food waste in the designated collection bins provided by EPD at the assigned collection points for collectio n by EPD to the KBPCP for recycling.EPD was responsible for cleaning the collection bins. At present, the participants of the scheme already increase to 70. Fig 2. 7 Poster of Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme from website of EPD Organic Waste Treatment Facilities The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) has de cided to develop the Organic Waste Treatment Facilities (OWTF) which will be developed in two phase. The OWTF will adopt biological technologies – composting and anaerobic digestion to stabilize the organic waste and turn it into compost and biogas for recovery.The biogas produced in each phase of the OWTF could be used as renewable energy. A site search to locate suitable sites for the OWTF was completed. The proposed sites for the first phase and second phase of the OWTF are located at Siu Ho Wan of North Lantau and Shaling at North District respectively. 18 Fig 2. 8 Artist's Impression of the Organic Waste Treatment Facilities from website of EPD Implementation: The total daily treatment capacity of OWTF is 400-500 tonnes of organic waste per day, and about 28 million kWh of surplus electricity can be supplied to the power grid per year.The first phase of the OWTF may be accomplished in 2 or 3 years, it can treat 200 tonnes of organic waste (mostly food waste) per day. 19 Fig 2. 9 The process of anaerobic digestion from website of EPD Electrical Composter Some of the leftovers in commercial & industrial sectors are now eliminated in situ by electrical composter proposed by EPD. Food waste is putted into a mechanical digester – through fermentation and other processes to turn most of it into water and carbon dioxide within one day. And the residue will be sent to landfill.Implementation: The composter can reduce the volume of food waste sent to landfill in some extent, but there is not certain data for the reduction volume as the composter can be purchased from private producer. 20 Fig 2. 10 The electrical composter—Gomixer from Hong Kong chocking on food waste Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estates Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF) has allocated $50 million as subsidy and has launched a funding project, ? Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estates? , to encourage the separated collection and recycling of food waste from households in July 2011.Implementation: 11 estates were given funding support in the first phase with a total allocation of about $9 million. The participating estates have received subsidies to undertake on-site treatment of source separated food waste and to encourage households to reduce food waste. And it is estimated that about 45 additional estates could be covered in the second phase. Besides, EPD has also commissioned the Hong Kong Productivity Council (HKPC) to operate a help-desk service for the potential housing estate applicants and those participating food waste separation, collection and recycling Government departments.The services include: ? assisting in identification of a suitable site for installing the food waste treatment facility within the housing estate prior to formal application; ? providing professional and technical advices to potential applicants or participating government departments during planning and, implementation stages; and ? conducting ev aluation of performance, effectiveness and outcomes. 21 Fig 2. 11 The poster of Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estates from website of help-desk service for food waste recycling project in housing estateFood waste recycling technology-Bokashi Greeners Action introduced the food waste recycling technology-Bokashi from New Zealand in 2010, this technology can help people dispose their food waste at home. Implementation: More than 170 households has bought this food waste recycling system, and some pilot projects have been launched in schools and residential area in these two years. 22 Fig 2. 12 The poster of Bokashi from website of Greeners Action Individual recycling company Green Idea is a recycling company in Yeun Long which collects used school lunch boxes and separates and recycles both the food waste and plastic container.Generally, they can recycle about 800 thousands of school lunch boxes every day, which can reduce the food waste in some extent. Fig 2. 13 The headin g from we bsite of Green Idea Kowloon Biotechnology Ltd is a recycling company using the food waste to produce feedstuff. It can recycle about 50 tons every day to produce different kind of feedstuff. Hong Kong Organic Waste Recycling Center is a company which can offer a series of recycling service for organic waste. They use the advanced technology combing the experiences from local expert and oversea countries to provide a help in recycling of food waste in Hong Kong. 23 Fig 2. 4 The heading from website of HKOWRC 2. 1. 3 Case of minimization and recycling of food waste in schools 2. 1. 3. 1 The situation of food waste in schools Solid waste is divided into some 60 categories at present, of which the ? dining wares made of plastic/poly- foam? covers basically all types of disposable food and drink containers and cutlery. In 2007, the volume of such waste we disposed of amounted to about 199 tonnes per day. Disposable food containers are usually made of non-degradable materials th at will stay in earth forever and pollute the environment, which increases the difficulty of recycling of food waste. . 1. 3. 2 The objective of Green Lunch scheme To reduce the generation of food waste and protect our environment, schools can help by drawing up and adopting a suitable green lunch policy based on the principle of ? Reduc ing Pollution and Minimizing Wastage?. 2. 1. 3. 3 Analysis of meal arrangement in schools Meal arrangements in schools can be mainly divided into two types by the containers they used: reusable or disposable containers. Reusable containers mean those are robust and durable enough for repeated washing and reuse.Meals served in reusable containers may be portioned either on-site or off-site, namely, Central/On-Site Portioning and Off-site Portioning. Central/On-Site Portioning Cooked food is delivered by lunch suppliers to schools in bulk, and then re- heated and portioned in-situ for distribution to students. 24 Fig 2. 15 Central/On-Site Portioning f rom Green Lunch Guideline Off-Site Portioning Cooked food is prepared and portioned at the kitchens of lunch suppliers and delivered to schools in lunch boxes according to the amount ordered. Fig 2. 16 Off-Site Portioning from Green Lunch Guideline . 1. 3. 4 Proposal for central/on-site portioning in schools The central/on-site portioning is better than off-site portioning in many aspects. Therefore, schools are proposed to applied central/on-site portioning in order to reduce pollution and minimize wastage. The benefits of central/on-site portioning in schools include: 25 ? All dining wares used including trays, dishes, bowls, chopsticks, knives and forks, etc. are washable and reusable. Basically, no disposable containers and cutlery are used, which increases the potential of recycling of food waste.The amount of food portioned can be flexibly adjusted on request by students, which can reduce the potential of generation of left over by student. And the volume of lunch supplied can be adjusted according to the leftover generated, which reduce the food waste and wastage considerably. According to teachers and students, eating at canteens is much more joyful and exciting than in classrooms, providing a unique social activity for students. ? ? Fig 2. 17 Photo from Green Lunch Guideline 2. 1. 3. 5 Implementation—an example of school of central/on-site portioning St.Edward‘s Catholic Primary School is a successful example applying central/on-site portioning. The school spent almost a year for the arrangement of central/on-site portioning; the preparation works include the selection of proper place for central/on-site portioning and the lunch supplier, and communication with the student‘s parents. After the application of central/on-site portioning, the volume of food waste has been reduced and most of them can be recycled. Besides, the food waste separation and collection processes enhance the environmental awareness of students, and the 26 ispo sable lunchbox is not used for lunch anymore. Fig 2. 18 The situation of central/on-site portioning in St. Edward’s Catholic Primary School from Green Lunch Guideline 2. 1. 4 Conclusion of strategies in HK The EPD has proposed several schemes for the reuse or recycling of food waste in recent years, including strategies of collection and recycling facilities. Therefore, we may forecast that the increasing volume of food waste will be turn into useful product or renewable energy by effective separation.But for the strategy of minimization of food waste, most of them are proposed by voluntary organization without the governmental help. 2. 2 Minimization and strategies in oversea countries 2. 2. 1 New Zealand The government supports and subsidizes households to reuse/recycle the food waste on-site. Non-edible food waste is regularly composted either through a collection service, with home composting or with a worm farm. A survey of households in 2007showed that 79% shop in a way to prevent food wastage, 63% carry out home composting and 10% have a worm farm. And one 27 f the ways to prevent food wastage for supermarkets and grocery stores is donating the food to the voluntary organizations, like Food not Bombs which uses their discarded food to feed people at film nights and markets. Kai to Compost is a food waste collection scheme for restaurants and businesses. The scheme collects food waste from restaurants and takes it to the Living Earth plant at the Southern Landfill, where the material is mixed with green waste and used to produce compost. It was initially a trial scheme with government funding but is now a user pays scheme involving 50 businesses.Up until the end of 2006, the Council had collected 456 tonnes of food waste. Fig 2. 19 Kai to Compost collection truck 2. 2. 2 Korea Korea government has forbidden direct landfill of the food wastes in 2005 and has paid much effort to build up the collection system and reuse/recycling facilities for food waste: a. The reuse/recycling methods of food waste: Separated collection method of food wastes at source: 28 b. Dry Feedstuff Production: c. Wet Feedstuff Production: 29 d. Compost: e. Anaerobic Digestion Facility: 30 Besides, Separated disposal of food waste is now legally mandatory.The waste collectors can refuse to collect the food trash or fine the dumper if the trash was not separated well. Through this comprehensive food wastes reduction plan and financial support for installing food wastes recycling facility, the recycling rate of food waste is already up to 94% in 2005, from 45. 1% in 2002. And in Seoul, the collecting rate of food waste is up to 100% in 2008. For the reduction of food waste, Seoul is about to start a trial run of large automatic receptacles that weigh the amount of food refuse deposited into them by each household and charges accordingly.Fig 2. 20 â€Å"Pay-by-volume† clean Q system for food waste 31 And the dumping of waste water generated by the p rocessing of leftover food into the sea will be banned from 2013, according to the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime affairs. The Ministry of Environment started to focus on the biogas plant which can turn the waste water into clean fuel in recent years. 2. 2. 3 Taiwan Since the fiscal year 2001, the EPA has been subsidizing the local town, county and city governments to establish their kitchen waste collection and recycling programs.In 2007, the kitchen waste recycling program has been incorporated into EPA's â€Å"2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program†, in order to achieve proper treatment of all collected kitchen waste and to complement the ? Zero Waste? policy. The schemes for reuse or recycling of food waste include: [1] Education and Promotion of Kitchen Waste Recycling Program Promote â€Å"Green Eating Habits – Kitchen Waste Reduction Campaign†; Train kitchen waste recycling education seed instruc tors, and conduct on-the-job training for implementation organization's responsible personnel; ? ? ?Work with schools, communities and environmental groups to conduct education, promotion, demonstration and training activities; ? Prepare promotional brochures and handbooks to teach residents how to conduct kitchen waste sorting, collection and reuse; ? ? Promote kitchen waste recycling on the radio, cable TV and news media; Establish kitchen waste recycling webpages on central, county and city governments' websites. [2] Establish Kitchen Waste Collection and Transportation System ? Implement kitchen waste collection and transportation from households, schools, military bases and correctional facilities; 32 ?Modifications or purchases of garbage trucks for use in kitchen waste recycling, and purchases of kitchen waste recycling buckets; ? ? Design collection zones, routes, transportation modes, and develop collection goals; Establish temporary storage sites for collected kitchen wast e, purchase transfer mac hinery and cleaning equipment; ? Organize demonstration of a better-performing local government program, improve collection system and man-power input. [3] Establish modes of kitchen waste reuse ? Reuse of kitchen waste as pig feed after high temperature sterilization, or use as organic fertilizer after composting; Inspect pig farms permitted to use recycled kitchen waste as feed to ensure proper feed sterilization and pig immunization; ? Establish regional kitchen waste reuse factories/sites, such as high temperature sterilization facilities, composting sites, anaerobic digesters etc. ; ? ? Transport kitchen waste to manure and compost manufacturers to produce organic fertilizers; Enhance the quality and technologies of the compost produced by local governments‘ composting plants; ? Provide incentive assistance and subsidies to private sector to encourage establishment of kitchen waste recycling and reuse facilities. 4] Develop markets for recycled ki tchen waste products ? ? ? Establish long-term quality and quantity data for recycled kitchen waste; Develop and evaluate safety inspection and tests for kitchen waste recycling and reuse products; Develop and evaluate other feasible kitchen waste reuse options, such as turning into feedstuff or adopt anaerobic fermentation; ? Work with Council of Agriculture and other local governments' agriculture competent authorities or associations to jointly promote kitchen waste reuse means. 33 Fig 2. 21 Compost Plant in TaiwanBesides, in order to continue the kitchen waste recycling efforts and assist the local governments in establishing diversified kitchen waste reuse system, the following kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals have been set between 2007 and 2012: Table 2. 1 kitchen waste daily collection and reuse goals Implementation: At present, all 319 local town and township governments nationwide are implementing the kitchen waste recycling program. Through the combined effor ts of EPA and local governments, the recycling rate of food waste is up to 36% in 2008 and 1977 tonnes of kitchen waste in Taiwan is recycled every day in 2009.Of the methods used to treat food waste, about 75% undergoes steam treatment to make pig feed, while 24% enters composting systems and 1% undergoes other processes, like incineration. 2. 2. 4 Case of The East Bay Municipal Utility District 34 The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) of the San Francisco Bay Area has done a great job in converting food waste to methane gas and later to energy. The East Bay Municipal Utility District‘s food waste energy project turns magnitude of food waste to energy through completely natural process. The eco friendly method helps people convert their food waste to methane gas.EMBUD utilize the natural process like the Muckbuster to turn the raw food waste to clean energy. Muckbuster is an anaerobic digester from a green firm called the SeaB and turns deserted food items into clea n energy. The container like system has the capability to recycle half a ton of food waste to generate the amount of energy required to run 150 computers. Muckbuster is outfitted with advanced technologies to derive methane from food waste through a biological process. The methane is later flowed through a heat and power system to produce electricity. Fig 2. 22 Muckbuster Anaerobic Digester from EcofriendBesides, the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) collects and carries the pumpkin waste into its plants to produce energy. Every year in the U. S. , after the Halloween, heaps of pumpkins will move to the landfalls. This food waste is also recycled in EBMUD. The bacteria breakdown of the pumpkin waste along with other food waste will produce methane gases, which can be used to produce energy. 35 Fig 2. 23 Pumpkin Power from Ecofriend The EBMUD was honored in 2007 with a grant of $50,000 by the EPA to encourage it develop new methods for digesting food waste to produce methan e gas.The power produced by the EBMUD is used to run the regional waste water treatment plant. Fig 2. 24 EBMUD’s example of turning waste into energy from Ecofriend 36 3 Critical Comparison 3. 1 Comparisons Mountains of food waste are a growing problem in many affluent countries. In Hong Kong, where people love to eat out, leftover food takes up much of the limited space in city landfills. So the judgement for Hong Kong recycle/reuse efficiency, technologies applied and strategies or policies conducted with overseas countries is very significant. 3. 1. Recycle/Reuse efficiency In fact, the data of food wastes generation per person per year in different countries are different. In New Zealand, about 258,886 tonnes of food waste goes to landfill each year. That works out to be 64kg per person per year. And that's just in New Zealand. At the meanwhile, it‘s about 70kg per person per year of food waste in UK. And the US gets a number of approximately 82kg per person per yea r dumped into the landfill. In addition, there are several data about food waste by different country shown in Figure 3. 1. Figure 3. Food waste in different countries (kg/cap/year) In consideration of the population in HK, we can calculate the food wastes per person per year. According to the Census and Statistics Department in HK, the population of HK is 7,136,300 by 37 Mid-2012. By the investigation of EPD website, there is approximately 3,584 tonnes food waste produced in Hong Kong every day. And 3200 tonnes of food among it is sent to landfill each day. So 3584tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3584tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 3200tonnes ? 1000kg /tonnes 7136300 ? 365 = 197kg person /year, = 0. 0kg person /day of food waste generation and ? 365 = 164kg person /year , = 0. 45kg person /day of food waste dumped into landfill would be the results. From the comparison of the data above, we can conclude that HK is one of the largest generation are as of food waste in the world and that the most important and efficient way is reducing the food waste generation rather than recycling and reusing approaches which are also indispensable. We assume that the residuals are totally recycled or reused in a sustainable way. The recycle/reuse efficiency would be like that: 3584 ? 200 ? 100% = 11% 3584 That is to say the recycle/reuse efficiency of food waste in HK is 11% at most. Table 3. 1 Food waste recycling rates in developed Asian nations. Country Korea (2005) Japan (2007) Taiwan (2008) Singapore (2008) Annual Food Waste Generated (ton) Daily Food Waste Generated 4,755,220 20,000,000 1,899,379 568,000 13,028 54,795 5,190 1,556 38 (ton/d) Annual Food waste recycled (ton) Daily Food waste recycled (ton/d) Food waste recycling rate, % Population (million) Daily Food Waste Generated per capita(kg/d/ca) Daily Food Waste Recycled per capita(kg/d/ca) 0. 6 0. 09 0. 08 0. 04 0. 27 0. 43 0. 23 0. 31 48 127 23 5 94 20 36 12 12,246 10,956 1,889 186 4,469,907 4,000,000 691374 68000 Whereas, Table 3. 1 generally illustrates the food waste recycling rates in developed Asian nations. With the observation of this figure and the assumed recycle/reuse efficiency in Hong Kong, we can get the idea that the combination of strategies implemented and the technologies applied processes better in a country order: HK, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. 3. 1. Different campaigns and laws in approaches to food wastes in different countries 39 3. 1. 2. 1 Korea 1994: Start composting demonstration projects in 12 cities. 1995: Korean government established the ? Committee for the Management of Food Waste‘ 1996: Kyonggi Province declares ? War against food waste? 1999: Food waste collection in Suwon City (Kyonggi Province) 2002: Establish a voluntary agreement for food waste reduction ( in conjunction with FIFA world cup) 2005: Direct land- filling of food waste has been banned 2006: 2,520 tons of livestock and food waste per day was dumped into the ocean 3. 1. 2. 2 Japan 2001: Food waste recycling law 2004: Regional food waste composting in Sendai 2006: Recycling of Organic Waste in Aya Town – reached 20%, food-related business has to submit an annual report to report how the food waste is treated 2007: Revised of Food waste recycling law Co. 2007: 7-11 parent company + Agri Gaia System turn food waste into animal feedstock 3. 1. 2. Taiwan 2001: EPA starts food waste recycling in government departments 2003: Taipei starts food waste recycling policy 2006: Whole Taiwan (309 towns and townships) carried out food waste collection and recycling 2007: 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program 3. 1. 2. 4 Singapore 2003: Food from the Heart started the Bread distribution Programme 2007: IUT + NEA + Veolia collect food waste from markets 3. 1. 2. 5 Hong Kong 40 2009: Food Waste Recycling Partnership Scheme 2011: Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing EstatesFrom th e campaigns and laws mentioned above, we can deduce that Korea, Japan and Taiwan start to recycle or reuse the food waste in 1995, 2001, 2001 respectively. They start to recycle and reuse the food wastes much earlier than that in Hong Kong although there is a tremendous amount of food waste generating every day. Just in 2005, Direct land-filling of food waste was already banned, however, up to now, there is still a large amount of food waste sent to the landfill for dumping. Actually, a few years ago, the approach in compost was already conducted in Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Whereas, Hong Kong uses this technology just in recent years. . 1. 3 Technologies applied in food waste Nowadays most of collected food waste has been recycled to compost and animal feedstuff. A very small part is used in anaerobic digestion. Table 3. 2. Different technologies used in different nations Country Feedstock Composting Anaerobic digestion Others Korea(2005) Japan(2007) Taiwan(2007) Singapore(2008) 54. 4% 50. 0% 77. 6% 75. 5% 29. 7% 45. 0% 21. 8% 2. 4% 1. 4% 5. 0% N. A. 22. 0% 14. 4% N. A. 0. 6% 0. 1% Same situation appears in Korea, Japan and Taiwan that they recycle food waste to feed the livestock at first step and to compost secondly.But the technologies applied in Singapore may be a little different that the food waste is delivered to feed livestock and then delivered to the anaerobic lagoon. The three different technologies in recycling or reusing the food waste are judged by the following illustrations. 41 3. 1. 3. 1 Food waste composting Composting is one means of reducing the problems associated with landfills, incinerators, and other food waste disposal methods. There are as many different ways to compost as there are people who compost! There are four basic ingredients needed to compost:Oxygen, Water, Carbon (â€Å"Brown material such as wood chips, brown leaves, or shredded newspaper), and Nitrogen (â€Å"Green† wet waste such as grass clippings, or fruit and vegetable scraps from your kitchen). If you have these ingredients, you can compost at your home, office, or school. Figure 3. 2 shows how food waste flows in a composting way. Figure 3. 2 Food waste flowchart in composting way from http://www. wastereduction. unc. edu/CampusRecycling/FoodWasteComposting. aspx For food wastes compost, there are some benefits and deficiencies in it. Benefits of Compost 42 ? ? Enriches soil, helping retain moisture and suppress plant diseases and pests. Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. Encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material. ? ? Reduces methane emissions from landfills and lowers your carbon footprint. Compost is a marketable product Besides the illustration above, households, businesses and institutions may save money by composting items such as food scraps while sending less waste to landfills and incinerators.In addition, you can even get t he payback from selling compost. Deficiency of Compost: If food waste is not incorporated into the soil it loses nitrogen to the atmosphere and may retain less nitrogen than the compost. Composting requires a time commitment to properly manage the windrows to produce quality compost. Specialized windrow turners may be required, but they can come at with a high price tag. The composting site and storage for finished product can use a considerable area of land. Money and time may be spent advertising, packaging, and managing the business. 3. 1. 3. 2 Feed animalsThe feeding of food waste or garbage to swine and other livestock animals is a common practice throughout the world and is often concentrated around metropolitan centers. Food plate waste (formerly referred to as garbage) may be fed to other livestock species, but has most often been used as a source of feed for swine. High disposal costs and fees encourage the feeding of food/plate waste. The advantages in applying this measur e are listed below: a) It can eliminate a large amount of food waste. 43 b) It can save the feeding cost by replacing the fodder. c) Elevate the rates of using resources . 1. 3. 3 Anaerobic digestion If 50 percent of the food waste generated each year in the U. S. was anaerobically digested, enough electricity would be generated to power 2. 5 million homes for a year. With the passing of Halloween, millions of pounds of pumpkins have turned from seasona l decorations to trash destined for compost heaps or landfills. The story is a little different in Oakland, California. Thanks to the pioneering work of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), discarded pumpkins and other food waste are used as a source of renewable electricity. How is that possible?First, waste haulers gather post-consumer food waste and deliver it to EBMUD‘s anaerobic digesters. Inside these giant tanks, bacteria break down the food waste and release methane gas as a byproduct. EBMUD captures this ga s and uses it to generate electricity in onsite generators. A ton of food waste provides about 367 m3 of gas, and digesting 100 tons of food wastes five days a week can generate enough electricity to power 1,000 homes. Once the food waste has been digested, the remaining solids make an excellent natural fertilizer, so they can be used to get next year‘s pumpkin crop started.Figure 2. 9 shows how it works. Figure 3. 4. shows how the food waste is recycled or reused in a anaerobic digested way. Firstly, the food waste from industrial, commercial and schools will be collected. And then it will be sent into Centralized Anaerobic Digestion. After the anaerobic digestion for food waste, it will be converted into two valuable products, renewable ener gy and fertilizer, which is used to supply electric power and indirectly reduce the GHGs from coal burning in the thermal power plant and amend soil respectively. 44 Figure 3. 4 Food waste flowchart in anaerobic digestion way.The merits for anaerobic digestion are listed below: a) Generated biogas can be recycled and utilized. It can be used directly as a fuel or for biogas power generation. b) c) Digestion residues (ie, residual sludge) can be used as primary organic fertilizer raw materials. The concentrated sludge dewatering filtrate can be used as plant fertilizer or aquaculture utilization. d) e) f) The odor is easy to control and hard to escape. Compared with the compost product, organics can be more completely and equally composted. The treatment effect is stable and suitable for engineering applications. 3. . 4 Barrie rs in food waste recycle/reuse in Hong Kong There is a large capacity of food waste generation in Hong Kong as above mentioned. Only a certain small part is disposed in a Green way and the other part is generally dumped into the landfill. This will not only have an adverse effect on our environment but also cause the resources waste. Why 45 does the situation in HK act like this? First of all, the amount of food waste generation in HK is larger and larger while EPD is only concentrating in the technologies of food waste recycle/reuse rather than reducing food wastes from the sources.The lack of education in food wastes may be the second reason. Hong Kong is a multi-cultural city with numerous restaurants. However, the public lacks the concept of saving food. In neighbouring countries like Korea and Taiwan, the average food waste amount per person is 20-30% less. Thirdly, the number of effective policies in Hong Kong introduced to the food waste manage ment is lower than some other countries. A project in Taiwan called ? 2007-2012 Public Development Program-General Waste Resource Recycling Promotion Program? was conducted to achieve proper treatment of all collected food waste and to complement the ?Zero Waste? policy. In Guangzhou, ? Interests bind system? ( ) was introduced that residents who were taking an active part in the garbage classification, organizers and sanit ation workers would earn a certain amount of money according to the benefits of recycled resources. So it really makes a connection between households and garbage classification and encourages people to be more motivated in protecting our environment. Fourthly, the recent sharp increase of premium and rent are dragging the development o f recycled food wastes. In 2001, EPD promotes a programme called Environment and Conservation Fund ?Community Waste Recovery Projects? which is attracted by lots of communities to participate. However, the sharp cost in maintaining the projects almost results in the end of the plans lifetime. Fifthly, the technologies in recycling and reusing the food wastes are not developed very well and many programmes are just on the way. In Japan, TM Corporation invented ERS (Environmental Recycling System) that is a High-Speed Composting (Fermentation & Drying) System which can convert a batch of organic matter or waste into value-added products such as fertili zer or animal feed within 2-24 hours.While in Hong Kong, it usually takes half a month in converting the food wastes 46 to composts. In Sweden, 35% of the recycled food is devoted to be fermented with methane to generate electric power. Last but not least, the majority approaches in recycling the food waste in Hong Kong is composting. The government also encourages the privates to convert the food wastes to composts. However, the composts offered by the privates were hard to be found the markets. Many people who lost their capital in compost investment ever are not confident with this technology.In addition, Food waste is always mixed with general waste in the kitchen e. g. plastics, knife, cans etc and food waste barrels is usually too heavy to move. And for most of the hotels and restaurants, additional storage space is needed for food waste. 3. 2 Recommendations The problem of food waste is not only about technical issues such as waste treatment; beyond that, cultural themes like the idea of consumption and human relationship with nature are involved too.Moreover, the solution to it should not be restricted to individual action; government policy and even cultural change should also play a significant role. From two frameworks in reducing food waste in UK and US as references, the suggestions for the solutions elaborated below are in a same order which are shown in Figure 3. 5 and 3. 6. 47 Figure 3. 5 The food waste pyramid from http://www. companyshop. ltd. uk/corporate-social-responsibility/disposal-route. aspx Figure 3. The food waste pyramid from US. http://www. epa. gov/foodrecovery/The government or the organizations faced with food waste should make some public service advertisements about the impacts on the environment, create a website to educate public in food waste reduction and even can organize some activities to enhance the people‘s comprehension of the food waste knowledge and starving in other countries. In addition, the society should set up a correct concept for the food consumption. 48 An organization called Food Angel in Hong Kong is working excellent in reducing the food waste from source. It collects food from all segments of food industry which is usually abandoned due to some reasons.Then they prepare healthy nutritional meal boxes in their own professional kitchen and finally deliver the meal boxes to individuals and families in need. The government should encourage and reward the organizations like Food Angel who can reduce the food waste from sources. The government should make several effective policies on the food waste. System of rewards and penalties to the charity organizations and commercial companies associated with the food waste should be set up. And more programme on reducing the food waste from sources should be carried out and encouraged to be conducted.In addition, new and high efficiency technologies should be made an effort to develop. Furthermore, due to the high cost including premium and the rent for food waste recycling, EPD should give a hand like increase the amount of subsidy to the committee to help them to turn the corner. Generally speaking, in consideration with the nowadays situation in HK, the experiences from Korea and Japan can be a good example to learn with. We deduce that the food waste recycled in Hong Kong should follow in this order: 1) Feed animals; 2)Used to compost; 3)Deliver to the anaerobic lagoon.The reason for the first one is that the animals can have a good digestion with it and only generate manure rather than leachate or waste residuals. The reason for the second one is that proper compost may content the market and also reduce a certain amount of food waste to be dumped into landfill. The last reason is that after the anaerobic digestion it‘ll generate electric power which can be used by residents and can also reduce the carbon dioxide from coal burning in Tsing Yi Power Station. In addition, new and high efficiency technologi es should be made an effort to develop.To acquire best cost-efficiency and the lowest impact on the environment, the combination of 3 main technologies in nowadays should be conducted as well. To make the technologies run safely and 49 smoothly, food waste classification should also be in deep consideration. At the meanwhile, people who are authorized by EPD may have the right to ticket when they check the classification of the food waste. In the future, we may transform food waste into laundry detergent, plastic ingredients, and a host of everyday products, in a discovery that may ease pressure on the city's bulging landfills.According to the research made by an environmental scientist at City University of Hong Kong, food waste can be transformed into bioenergy that can be used to generate heat and electricity, and at the same time reduce the volume of food waste destined for landfills by at least 50%. 4 Conclusion While our neighbor—Koran and Taiwan made an great achieveme nt in the food waste problem, Hong Kong just started to focus on this kind of problem because of the full- load of landfills by 2018. The collection and recycling strategies applied in recent years may reduce the volume of food waste sent to landfill.But as Hong Kong is one of the largest generation areas of food waste in the world, it is still doubtful whether the recycling rate of food waste can catch up with the present increasing rate of food waste. Therefore, the government should pay more attention on the minimization of food waste and the cooperation with unofficial organization to reduce the generation of food waste in the future. With both the strategies of minimization and reuse/recycling, the food waste prob lems can be solved effectively in Hong Kong.